· A 0-1mA meter has a sensitivity of 1k ohms/volt
· A 3.5 digit meter has a maximum reading of 0999
· A 3.5 digit meter with a resolution of 100mv has a maximum reading of 1000
· A card reader can read up to 10,000 cards/min
· A toggle connection distinguishes a J-K flip flop from a S-C flip flop
· The difference b/w an electronic instrument and an electrical instrument is that an electronic instrument uses electronic devices
S-C FLIP FLOP
Uses a latch
BCD CODE
A binary code
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Operate in the binary system
DECIMAL COMPUTERS
Each decimal digit is converted to its binary equivalent
WAFER
Fundamental in the construction of IC’s
MONOLITHIC TECHNIQUE
Suitable for the fabrication of digital IC’s
SiO2
Provides an isolation in IC’s
PARTLY RANDOM AND RANDOM CYCLIC SEQUENCE
Used to access a drum type memory
KAREL CAPEK
Coined ‘Robot’
NON SERVO CONTROLLED ROBOT
- Moves b/w hardware stops
- Has high repeatability, high operating speed and low cost
SERVO CONTROLLED ROBOT
- Moves in soft steps
- Has a repeatability of 2mm
ROBOT USES
- Electronics
- Mechanical Engineering
- Computer Science
- Control theory
hO
- Smallest of the h parameters
H PARAMETERS DEPENDEND ON
- Configuration
- Temperature
- Operating point
COMPARATOR
Does not use feedback
OP- AMPS
Has an inverting and non inverting inputs
EARLY EFFECT
- base narrowing
- base width modulation
- variation of the base width due to the collector voltage
PNP/NPN AMPLIFIERS
Are used as a replacement for direct coupled amplifiers because it prevents the growing of the collector voltage
· To stabilize the BJT, make the base current constant
· In a universal bias stabilization ckt, collector current is independent of the transistors characteristics
· For an oscilloscope to show 2 full signals, the period of the sweep generator must be twice that of the signal period
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS
Beta independent
MOSFET
Used in MOS IC’s
CARBON
Has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance
MICA
Not a conductor
TRANSFORMER COUPLING
Offers impedance matching
DIRECT COUPLING
Used for minimum interference in frequency response
BUFFER AMPLIFIER
Provides minimum loading and minimum mismatch
NEGATIVE SWING CLIPPING
Q pt is near the saturation region
POSITIVE SWING CLIPPING
Q pt is near cut-off region
IMPROPER BIASING
Causes distortion of the output signal
PARASITIC OSCILLATION
Caused by transistor inter-electrode capacitance
3 BUS
used by the microprocessor to communicate with other devices
3dB
when the signal doubles
· Digital computers do not use subtractors because the adder can be modified to perform subtraction
· To multiply 2 binary numbers, use an adder-subtractor and a shift register
INPUT CLOCK
Makes the output dependent on the input
WALK THROUGH
Used in programming a continuous path robot
DEPLETION REGION
Region depleted of charged carriers
LOGIC ANALYZER
IDEAL RESPONSE
Response only to the wanted signals
SEMICONDUCTOR ROM
A combinational circuit
DIGITAL INSTRUMENT
Has a digital design ckt
· By removing the bypass capacitor in the common emitter ckt, the gain of the amplifier decreases
· An ammeter can be made to an ohmmeter by connecting a battery and a variable resistor in series
· For a BJT to act as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region
FILM IC
Has a better high frequency response than a monolithic IC
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
Smallest voltage across the surface of a dielectric that can cause current flow
DEFLECTION SENSITIVITY…..
Depend inversely on the separation of the Y plates
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
Determines the direction of the spin of an electron
JFET
Acts as a thermionic valve
JACK KILBY
Designed the first IC
TED HOFF
Designed the first microprocessor
COMMON COLLECTOR
- steps up the impedance level
- does not change the signal
- for impedance matching
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